阴道是什么??

The vagina is the passageway through which fluid passes out of the body during menstrual periods. 它也被称为产道. The vagina connects the cervix (the opening of the womb, 或子宫)和外阴(外生殖器).

什么是阴道癌?

阴道癌, 一种罕见的女性癌症, is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the vagina.

阴道癌有几种类型. 最常见的两种是:

• 鳞状细胞癌(鳞癌):

  • Squamous carcinoma is most often found in women older than 60 and accounts for about 70 percent of all vaginal cancers.

• 腺癌:

  • Adenocarcinoma is more often found in women older than 50 and accounts for about 15 percent of all vaginal cancers.

  • A rare form of cancer called clear-cell adenocarcinoma results from the use of the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) given to pregnant women between 1940 and 1971 to keep them from miscarrying. It occurs most often in the daughters of the women who took DES.

其他类型的阴道癌

Other, less common types of cancer that can be found in the vagina include:

• 恶性黑色素瘤

• 平滑肌肉瘤

• 横纹肌肉瘤

• 癌症s that begin in other organs, such as the cervix and rectum, and spread to the vagina

预防阴道癌

The HPV vaccine can prevent the strains of HPV responsible for most 颈, 阴道和外阴癌.

HPV vaccines can only be used to prevent certain types of HPV. They cannot be used to treat an existing 人乳头状瘤病毒感染. To be most effective, one of the vaccines should be given before a person becomes sexually active.

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阴道癌的成因/危险因素

The following factors may increase a woman’s risk of developing vaginal cancer:

• 年龄:几乎一半的病例发生在70岁以上的女性中.

• Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a fetus (mother took DES during pregnancy)

• 的历史 子宫颈癌

• 宫颈癌前病变史

• 人乳头状瘤病毒感染

• 艾滋病毒感染

• 阴道腺病

• 阴道刺激

• 吸烟

阴道癌症状

The following are the most common symptoms of vaginal cancer. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. 症状可能包括:

• Bleeding or discharge not related to menstrual periods

• 排尿困难或疼痛

• 性交疼痛

• 骨盆疼痛

• 便秘

• 能被感觉到的团块

Even if a woman has had a hysterectomy, she still has a chance of developing vaginal cancer. The symptoms of vaginal cancer may resemble other conditions or medical problems. 一定要向医生咨询诊断.

阴道癌诊断

There are several tests used to diagnose vaginal cancer, including:

• Pelvic examination of the vagina, and other organs in the pelvis: 这是为了检查肿瘤、肿块或肿块.

• 阴道镜: 这个过程使用仪器, 叫做阴道镜, with magnifying lenses to examine the cervix and vagina for abnormalities. If abnormal tissue is found, a biopsy is usually performed; this is called a colposcopic biopsy.

• 巴氏早期癌变探查试验 (亦称子宫颈抹片检查): This test involves the microscopic exam of cells collected from the cervix, used to detect changes that may be cancer or may lead to cancer, 并显示非癌性疾病, 比如感染或炎症.

• 计算机断层扫描 (CT或CAT扫描): This diagnostic imaging procedure uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, 或轴向, 身体的图像(通常称为切片). A CT scan shows detailed images of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat and organs. CT扫描比普通的x光扫描更详细.

• 磁共振成像 (MRI): This diagnostic procedure uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.

• 正电子发射断层扫描 (PET)扫描: Radioactive-tagged glucose (sugar) is injected into the bloodstream. Tissues that use the glucose more than most normal tissues, 比如肿瘤, 能被扫描机检测到吗. PET scans can be used to find small tumors or to check if treatment for a known tumor is working.

• 活组织检查: This procedure removes tissue samples from the vagina for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present. 癌症的诊断只有通过活组织检查才能确诊.

It is very important that your particular findings be put into context by an expert. Gynecologic oncologists are subspecialists with advanced training in the diagnosis, 女性癌症的治疗和监测, 包括阴道癌.

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阴道癌的治疗

Specific treatment for vaginal cancer will be determined by your doctor based on:

• 你的整体健康和病史

• 疾病的范围

• Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures or therapies

• 对疾病病程的预期

一般, there are three kinds of treatment available for patients with cancerous or precancerous conditions of the vagina:

• 手术:

  • 用激光手术切除肿瘤，包括 环电切术

  • 局部切除切除肿瘤

  • 切除全部或部分阴道的阴道切除术

  • 子宫全切术

• 放射治疗: the use of X-rays, gamma rays and charged particles to fight cancer

• 化疗 (topical): the use of anticancer drugs to treat cancerous cells